For some people, when they hear the word cancer, it is conceivable that a severe illness and lead to death. This opinion can be said is true, if the cancer has spread to parts of the body so it is very difficult to overcome, but cancer is not something impossible to be cured. This can not be separated from the consciousness of the individual in his health due to their early detection of cancer to determine the success of therapy. The earlier detected, the greater the possibility for healing and vice versa.
Breast cancer is a disease in which cancer cells are found in the area (tissue) breast. Breast cancer is divided into several stages of breast cancer in situ, and breast cancer stage I - IV. This classification is based on the level of the spread of cancer cells. The higher the severity stage (spread) of cancer is also higher and more difficult to cure.
Breast cancer is characterized by a lump in the breast, one size bigger breasts, swelling and redness of the skin around the breast area and the rare is the disappearance of the nipple. Symptoms are usually felt a stabbing pain, bone pain and difficulty breathing. By knowing the signs and symptoms are expected by society to be more vigilant so the breasts cancer can be detect early.
Therapy commonly done to overcome breast cancer among others, is through surgery, radiation, cemoterapi and hormone therapy. Operations performed for early stage breast cancer, where there are two types of mastectomy surgery and lumpectomy. The difference, on the appointment of mastectomy performed while the breast lumpectomy only raised the cancer cells only. Radiation done to clean up the remnants of the remaining cancer cells after surgery, while chemotherapy and hormone therapy primarily to end-stage breast cancer where the spread of cancer cells is very broad and difficult to be appointed with the way operations. Chemotherapy and hormone therapy is done by giving single or combination of drugs to patients.
In this paper will discuss more about breast cancer treatment using hormone therapy, especially in end-stage breast cancer (IV) in which cancer cells have spread to other organs in the body especially the bones, stomach, liver or brain, so the removal of cancer cells through road operations difficult or even impossible. The goal of therapy in early-stage breast cancer is to cure breast cancer, but if a patient has reached the final stage (IV) then it's breast cancer is not curable so that the goal of therapy to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life and lengthen life patients. It sounds very pessimistic, but the reality on the ground showed that patients who had reached the final stage is very difficult even incurable. By not reducing the life expectancy of patients, continued therapy is likely to recover although virtually gone.
Estrogen is one of the causes of breast cancer. Sex hormone estrogen is a functioning secondary to form and mature female sex organs (one breast) during puberty. Estrogen triggers cell growth and maturation in the female genital organs called duct cells, duct cells, where it then will divide normally. Maturation times of these duct cells are most vulnerable when the duct cells are exposed to mutation. If there is one cell that has a mutation due to hereditary factors, radiation, free radicals, etc. then these cells can divide so excessive that develop into cancer. From this it can be concluded that estrogen is one factor responsible for the risk of breast cancer, because that was the target of therapy is to prevent the estrogen hormone is the affect / exacerbate existing cancer cells.
In hormone therapy there are several classes of drugs used, among others, are the ones that one of the antiestrogen drug tamoxifen which is also a first-choice drug in breast cancer therapy. Tamoxifen is a prodrug and metabolites, 4-hydroxytaminofen and des-N-methyl-4-hydroxytaminofen (endoxifen) which compete with estrogen for binding to the estrogen receptor. In breast tissue, 4-hydroxytaminofen thus acts as an antagonist of estrogen response gene transcription is inhibited, thus any effects of estrogen can be inhibited. Hormone therapy is generally given solely for the use of the drug combination showed no increase but rather enhance the effects of toxicity.
Tamoxifen has a generic name tamoxifen Citrate and is produced in Indonesia by PT Kalbe Farma Tamofen trade name. Tamofen diindikaskan for palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer in women who have menopause, as well as additional medication after surgery or radiotherapy for early breast cancer that can be operated on women who have menopause, but this Tamofen contraindicated in pregnant women. Tamofen contained in the dosage form film-coated tablet 20 mg x 3 x 10 seeds and film-coated tablet 10 mg x 3 x 10 seeds with the manufacturer's 2 tablets 1-2 times a day and for end-stage breast cancer are used every day. As usual drugs, Tamofen also have side effects include: feeling hot and facial flushing, gastrointestinal disorders, mild leukopenia & thrombocytopenia, vaginal bleeding, itching in the vulva / vagina (female external genitalia), skin rash, hypercalcaemia, suppress menstruation, swelling due to ovarian cysts that are reversible, irregular menstruation cycle, peripheral edema, the food does not taste, depression, dizziness, headache, and ocular changes. Although Tamofen indicated for women who have menopause, Tamofen can also be given to women who had menopause only if due diligence has excluded the possibility of pregnancy.
By taking tamoxifen (Tamofen) regularly every day it is expected that can lengthen a patient's life and reduce symptoms that arise so that the patient did not suffer for the rest of his life by not closing the possibility of the patient can recover from the disease.
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HORMONE THERAPY IN FINAL BREAST CANCER STADIUM
Breastfeeding Healthy for Heart
Breast or breast milk proved to be very beneficial for babies. But in fact for the mother, breastfeeding is also useful lho! For example to nourish the heart.
The study was conducted by researchers from the Universita Pittsburgh, United States. Quoted detikhot from Fox News, Wednesday (29/4/2009), as many as 140 thousand mothers who breastfeed their babies become its object.
In the study proved that breastfeeding can reduce the risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular or heart disease after menopause.
Dr. Eleanor Bimla Schwarz of the University of Pittsburgh said that the benefits of breastfeeding on cardiovascular risk is dependent 'dose' of breastfeeding. The longer the duration of breastfeeding, the better the benefits
Women with a history of nursing alive more than 12 months, tend to be more rarely affected by high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol and heart disease compared with mothers who never breast-feeding.
Schwarz speculated that breastfeeding reduces body fat. Hence, the risk of cardiovascular heart disease or even smaller.
Study: Breast anticancer drug may provoke symptoms of weight
A study from research centers in Seattle recently showed that drugs known to treat many breast cancers may even cause more severe symptoms, according to media reports Wednesday.
"Tamoxifen", which was introduced in 1978, is used to prevent a recurrence of cancer in women who had surgery for their tumor.
However, one recent study showed the drug increased the risk of more aggressive cancer in the healthy breast by more than four times.
"All medications have risks and benefits," said Dr. Christopher Li, a member of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. "If you consider the full balance, make the most of the women, the benefits will far outweigh the risks."
The new study, which assess the possible development of new cancer in the second breast, found that women who use the "tamoxifen" for five years for a possible 60 per cent to the tumor affected not only sensitive to estrogen compared with no use on the second breast, and 40 percent more attacked by a small new tumors in the breast of any kind second.
Some breast cancer experts say they worry that breast cancer patients who heard about the new study may stop using the "tamoxifen", although the main reason for using the drug to prevent cancer is that they have suffered a relapse and spread, which can result in death.
Many other experts agree that the new study is no excuse for breast cancer patients to stop using "tamoxifen". "What we have to remember is` tamoxifen `save lives," says Dr. Victor Vogel, Vice President of National Research on "American Cancer Society".
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6 Step beautify breasts
Many people are willing to pay and not a little risky to get a more beautiful breasts. With silicon for example. And there is way easier and cheaper to get it, without the need for surgery and can be done where and at any time. Want to know how? Follow the following six movements.
Movement 1
1. Both hands holding each other in front of the chest. Left hand holding the arm just below the right elbow. While the right hand is holding the arm just below the left elbow, forming a square.
2. Push the right wrist to the left, and left wrist to right pushed together until the breast muscle was moving.
3. Do 3 × 8 count.
Movement 2
1. Extend both hands forward, bend your elbow with the palm of the hand clenched.
2. Move your hand up and down, inwards, alternately between the left and right, without touching each other, until the breasts felt up and down.
3. Do 3 × 8 count.
Movement 3
1. Extend both hands forward, bend your elbow with the palm of the hand clenched.
2. Raise both hands up to the breast muscle was interested.
3. Do 3 × 8 count.
Movement 4
1. To the top right hand and left hand on her waist.
2. Pull right hand back until the breast was interested.
3. Do 3 × 8 count.
4. Do it on the other hand.
Movement 5
1. Raise your hands up with palms facing up, turn toward the front and back lift both hands up in arms over the breast. So lift the breasts from below.
2. Do 3 × 8 count.
Movement 6
1. Both hands on the side.
2. Pull hands back as far as possible until the breast was lifted.
3. Do 3 × 8 count.
Tips
1. These movements can be performed on standing or sitting position.
2. Every practice, the position of the body in upright and pulled into the stomach.
3. Selingi with rest about 10 minutes.
4. Avoid habits that make breasts look down, like a bow.
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4 Ways to Recognize Breast Cancer
1. Abnormality in a Mammogram
Don't delay or neglect your mammogram! The earliest sign of breast cancer can show up on a mammogram before you see or feel any change in your breast. You can't rely only on your doctor's breast exam or even your own self-exam. You need a mammogram to detect changes that sometimes even your doctor can't see or feel. Sometimes the tumor is so small it can't be felt but it can be found through a mammogram. As the tumor begins to grow, some symptoms will become more noticeable. But the key is to be familiar with your breasts. Do your self-exams regularly and pay attention to the texture, size, feel and appearance of your breasts.
2. Change in Breast Texture
While you might feel uncomfortable getting familiar with your breasts, it's the best way to discover changes in your body. Most doctors' offices have instruction sheets to teach you how to perform a self-check, or you can visit www.y-me.org for more information. It's also important to notice how your body changes around your menstrual cycle. Sometimes your breasts may feel tender or you might notice more lumpiness. These changes are usually cyclical and will come and go with your period.(Pain or tenderness of the breasts associated with your period is generally not a sign of breast cancer. Unusual pain should be reported to your doctor.) Get familiar with how your body changes with your cycle so that you will have a standard for what is normal. A lump, thickening or dimpling of the breast could be a sign of breast cancer and you should see a doctor immediately. A good rule of thumb is that any lump in your breast should not be ignored.
3. Breast Skin Changes
Skin irritation or scaliness on your breasts can be a sign of breast cancer. You may notice unusual itching or swelling around your underarm where you lymph nodes are located. Inverted or distorted nipples also may be a sign of breast cancer. If you notice any of these changes, see a doctor.
4. Nipple Discharge
If you find nipple discharge of any kind call your doctor, especially if the discharge is persistent. For some women, a milky discharge in both breasts is normal and can result from hormone changes or menstruation. The color of this discharge can vary for different women but it usually occurs in both breasts. An unusual discharge usually found in only one breast can be a sign of breast cancer if it presents itself out of the blue without any pressure or squeezing of the nipple. A bloody discharge should be checked out immediately by your doctor.
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Why Do Girls' Breasts Get Bigger?
There are two main factors that influence the growth of breasts: nutrition and genetics. Breast growth happens during puberty. The pubertal hormones produced by the pituitary gland (located in the brain and responsible for producing a variety of hormones), play a critical role. One of the earliest signs that puberty has begun is enlargement of the breasts as a result of increased production of ovarian estrogen stimulated by these pituitary hormones. Boys also often experience breast enlargement during the early stages of their pubertal growth spurt, but their breasts usually shrink in size after one or two years. As long as estrogen continues to be secreted in females, breasts will grow and/or maintain their size. Breasts may also enlarge slightly in women taking birth control pills or, after menopause, estrogen-replacement pills. Naturally, breasts enlarge during pregnancy as a result of marked increase in estrogen secretion. Girls with poor diets and weight loss may notice that their breasts get smaller.
When Should A Girl’s Breasts Start Growing?
Girls often worry when they notice that their friends' breasts are enlarging and theirs are not. It is important to understand that there is a lot of variation in the normal timing of breast growth. For example, it is normal for breasts to start growing as early as nine years of age and it is also normal if they do not begin to grow until 14 years of age. In general, a girl will experience breast growth within one year of the time her mother first noticed her own breasts growing. Timing is even closer among sisters, so it may be very interesting and helpful to discuss this with them. However, since nutrition, exercise and health affect hormone levels, timing breast growth according to family history provides only a rough guess.
Another thing that girls should know about breast growth is that both breasts may develop at different times. This should not be cause for worry because breasts are usually even by the time they're fully grown, which can take a few years.
How Big Should Breasts Be?
We all come in different sizes. Some of us are tall and some short. Similarly, some girls have large, medium or small breasts. Nonetheless, many girls are unhappy because they think their breasts are too small or large. Attitudes about breast size are often influenced by fashions. For example, when it became fashionable to look thin in the 1960s, smaller breasts were desirable. With the arrival of the Wonder Bra, it became fashionable to have larger breasts.
From a health perspective, there is no ideal breast size. Breast size bears no relationship to breast cancer or ability to nurse an infant. There are surgical procedures available to increase or decrease the size of breasts, although these are major operations that should not be entered into without considerable thought and extensive information. Consider padded bras, which are safer alternatives for those who want their breasts to appear larger. Also remember as your breasts continue to grow, especially during puberty and pregnancy, improved nutrition may contribute to increased breast volume.
Can Teenage Girls Get Breast Cancer?
Yes, although it is rare during adolescence. On the other hand, breast lumps are common at this time of life. This apparent contradiction is explained by the fact that teenagers often get cysts or tumors in their breasts that are not cancerous which result from sensitivity to estrogen. Most of the time, these lumps will disappear on their own, but it is always a good idea to have them checked by a doctor.
When a lump is found, doctors will usually wait up to three menstrual cycles before taking any action, as they most likely will disappear. Mammograms, which are x-rays of the breasts, are not generally helpful in teenagers. Teenagers often learn breast self-examination techniques when they visit the gynecologist so this will become a health habit by the time they reach their fifties when their chance of breast cancer increases. Use of birth control pills does not increase the risk of breast cancer during adolescence and, in fact, has been shown to lower the risk of developing noncancerous breast tumors.
Is It Normal For There To Be Discharge Coming Out Of My Breasts?
The nipple is the exit point of numerous tiny ducts that lead from the interior of the breast where glands produce milk. Therefore, the most common discharge occurs when these glands are stimulated, as is true at the time of delivery of a baby. As long as sucking continues, milk will be produced and discharged through the nipple. Interestingly, vigorous rubbing of the nipple can also cause a discharge of milk. If the discharge is bloody or pus-like, it may indicate a rare but serious condition like infection or a tumor. Similarly, absence of menses associated with a nipple discharge may indicate a tumor of the pituitary gland or may result from certain medications. Obviously, a physician should be consulted whenever there is a nipple discharge in order to figure out its cause.
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Breast Anatomy
The breast is a mound of glandular, fatty and fibrous tissue located over the pectoralis muscles of the chest wall and attached to these muscles by fibrous strands (Cooper's ligaments). The breast itself has no muscle tissue, which is why exercises will not build up the breasts. A layer of fat surrounds the breast glands and extends throughout the breast.
This fatty tissue gives the breast a soft consistency and gentle, flowing contour. The actual breast is composed of fat, glands with the capacity for milk production when stimulated by special hormones, blood vessels, milk ducts to transfer the milk from the glands to the nipples and sensory nerves that give feeling to the breast. These nerves extend upward from the muscle layer through the breast and are highly sensitive, especially in the regions of the nipple and areola, which accounts for the sexual responsiveness of some women's breasts.
Because the breast is made up of tissues with different textures, it may not have a smooth surface and often feels lumpy. This irregularity is especially noticeable when a woman is thin and has little breast fat to soften the contours; it becomes less obvious after menopause, when the cyclic changes and endocrine stimulation of the breast have ceased and the glandular tissue softens.
Estrogen supplements after menopause can cause continued lumpiness. The breast glands drain into a collecting system of ducts that go to the base of the nipple. The ducts then extend through the nipple and open on its outer surface. In addition to serving as a channel for milk, these ducts are often the source of breast problems
The ducts end in the nipple, (which projects from the surface of the breast), and are a conduit for the milk secreted by the glands and suckled by a baby during breast-feeding. There is considerable variation in women's nipples.
In some, the nipple is constantly erect; in others, it only becomes erect when stimulated by cold, physical contact or sexual activity. Still other women have inverted nipples.
Surrounding the nipple is a slightly raised circle of pigmented skin called the areola. The nipple and areola contain specialized muscle fibers that make the nipple erect and give the areola its firm texture. The areola also contains Montgomery's glands, which may appear as small, raised lumps on the surface of the areola. These glands lubricate the areola and are not symptoms of an abnormal condition.
Beneath the breast is a large muscle, the pectoralis major, which assists in arm movement; the breast rests on this muscle. Originating on the chest wall, the pectoralis major extends from deep under the breast to attach to the upper arm. It also helps form the axillary fold, created where the arm and chest wall meet. The axilla (armpit) is the depression behind this fold.
Each woman's breasts are shaped differently. Individual breast appearance is influenced by the volume of a woman's breast tissue and fat, her age, a history of previous pregnancies and lactation, her heredity, the quality and elasticity of her breast skin and the influence of hormones.
source:www.ayurvediccure.com
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